Olecular weight and density on the oil had been measured to become 851.06 g/mole and 0.868 g/cm3 , respectively. The mussel, cockle, and scallop shells were collected as wastes from university cafeterias. The waste shells have been rinsed with water to take away dust and impurities and were then dried in an oven. All chemical compounds have been analytical-grade reagents (Merck, 99 purity) and had been applied as received.two.two. Catalysts Preparation. The catalysts have been ready by a calcination method. The dried waste shells were calcined at 700?,000 C in air atmosphere using a heating rate of ten C/min for four h [2]. The strong outcome was crushed and sieved to pass one hundred?00 mesh screens. The solutions (38?5 m) were obtained as white powder. All calcined samples had been kept inside the close vessel to avoid the reaction with carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and humidity in air prior to being used. Figure 1 illustrated the preparation course of action of waste shell-derived catalyst.The elemental chemical compositions from the materials had been analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF– Oxford, ED-2000, England) beneath power dispersive mode for precise measurement of both light and heavy elements.Formula of Tetrahydroxydiboron The microstructures on the calcined waste shells have been observed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM images in the representative sample had been obtained from a Camscan-MX 2000 (England) equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). To evaluate the surface region, imply pore diameter, and pore volume, adsorption-desorption of nitrogen (N2 ) at 77 K was carried out by a Quantachrome Instrument (Autosorb-1 Model No. ASIMP.VP4, USA). Ahead of taking adsorption data, degassing at 120 C and a residual pressure of 300 m Hg for 24 h was performed making use of the degas port. The surface region was calculated employing the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) equation and also the imply pore diameter and pore volume was obtained by applying the Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) approach around the desorption branch [8].two.3. Catalysts Characterization. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization from the waste shell-derived catalyst was performed on a Rigaku (MiniFlex II, England) based generator X-ray diffractometer utilizing CuK radiation over a 2 variety from 20 to 80 having a step size of 0.04 at a scanning speed of 3 /min.two.four. Transesterification of Palm Oil. The synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil and methanol was carried out inside a 500 mL glass reactor equipped with condenser and mechanical stirrer at atmospheric pressure.2H-Pyrano[3,2-c]pyridin-4(3H)-one Data Sheet The effects of reaction time (2 to six h), reaction temperature (50 to 70 C), methanol/oil molar ratio (six to 18), catalyst loading (five to 25 wt.PMID:27641997 ), and reusability of catalyst (1 to 4 instances) on the conversion to biodiesel were studied. Right after a specific time frame, a recognized level of sample was taken out in the reactor for analysis. All experiments were repeated three occasions along with the regular deviation was by no means greater than 7 for any point. Composition in the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was analyzed with gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GCMS QP2010 Plus, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) equipped using a flame ionization detector (FID) as well as a capillary columnThe Scientific Globe Journal1000 C 900 C 800 C 700 CNaturalMussel shell Intensity (a.u.)Intensity (a.u.)Cockle shellScallop shell50 2 (deg)2 (deg)Figure 2: XRD patterns of natural and calcined mussel shell (: CaCO3 , : CaO).Figure three: XRD patterns of waste mussel, cockle, and scallop shell calcined at 1,000 C (: CaO). Table 1: Chemical compositions of waste shell-derived catalyst. Comp.
